Oct 29
2026
Most development interventions, especially in natural resource management and climate change adaptation, operate within highly complex socio-ecological systems shaped by dynamic interactions between ecosystems, institutions, and human behavior. However, in practice, many interventions still rely on linear models and simplified theories of change defined for specific time periods and contexts. This creates a disconnect between the systemic nature of development challenges and how evaluations are designed and conducted. In recent years, this challenge is further intensified by ongoing poly-crises, including climate emergency, political instability, biodiversity degradation, shifting donor priorities, and increasing uncertainty in governance systems. These conditions make intervention boundaries more fluid and outcomes more unpredictable. As an independent evaluation practitioner working across developing countries with multilateral and bilateral agencies, this paper is grounded in extensive engagement with such complexities in real evaluation practice.
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